Writing a LLVM pass

Basic function pass

We can register our own function pass for LLVM to execute for us. The following are quoted from the LLVM documentation:

All FunctionPass execute on each function in the program independent of all of the other functions in the program. FunctionPasses do not require that they are executed in a particular order, and FunctionPasses do not modify external functions.

#include "llvm/ADT/Statistic.h"
#include "llvm/Pass.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Function.h"
#include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
using namespace llvm;

STATISTIC(MyCounter, "Counts number of functions greeted");

namespace {
  struct MyPass : public FunctionPass {
    static char ID;
    MyPass() : FunctionPass(ID) {}

    virtual bool runOnFunction(Function &F) {
      ++MyCounter;
      errs() << "A function called " << F.getName() << "!\n";
      return false;
    }
  };
}

char MyPass::ID = 0;

// Register the pass so `opt -skeleton` runs it.
static RegisterPass<MyPass> X("mypass", "a useless pass");

Vectorization Pass

Similar to function pass, we can register a customized loop pass which does all the vectorization work of a loop and then LLVM can execute the pass for us. The following are quoted from LLVM documentation:

All LoopPass execute on each loop in the function independent of all of the other loops in the function. LoopPass processes loops in loop nest order such that outer most loop is processed last.

LoopPass subclasses are allowed to update loop nest using LPPassManager interface. Implementing a loop pass is usually straightforward. LoopPasses may overload three virtual methods to do their work. All these methods should return true if they modified the program, or false if they didn’t.

A LoopPass subclass which is intended to run as part of the main loop pass pipeline needs to preserve all of the same function analyses that the other loop passes in its pipeline require. To make that easier, a getLoopAnalysisUsage function is provided by LoopUtils.h. It can be called within the subclass’s getAnalysisUsage override to get consistent and correct behavior. Analogously, INITIALIZE_PASS_DEPENDENCY(LoopPass) will initialize this set of function analyses.

Types involved

Value:

Note that Value is the base class of all values computed by a program that may be used as operands to other values. Value is the super class of other important classes such as Instruction and Function. All Values have a Type. Type is not a subclass of Value. Some values can have a name and they belong to some Module. Setting the name on the Value automatically updates the module's symbol table.

Every value has a "use list" that keeps track of which other Values are using this Value. A Value can also have an arbitrary number of ValueHandle objects that watch it and listen to RAUW and Destroy events. See llvm/IR/ValueHandle.h for details.

#include "llvm/Analysis/LoopInfo.h"
#include "llvm/Analysis/LoopPass.h"
#include "llvm/Analysis/ScalarEvolution.h"
#include "llvm/IR/DerivedTypes.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Function.h"
#include "llvm/IR/LegacyPassManager.h"
#include "llvm/IR/IRBuilder.h"
#include "llvm/IR/ValueMap.h"
#include "llvm/Pass.h"
#include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
#include "llvm/Support/ScalableSize.h"
#include "llvm/Transforms/IPO/PassManagerBuilder.h"
#include "llvm/Transforms/Scalar/IndVarSimplify.h"
#include "llvm/Transforms/Utils/BasicBlockUtils.h"
#include "llvm/Transforms/Utils/LoopUtils.h"
#include "llvm/Transforms/Utils/Mem2Reg.h"

using namespace llvm;

namespace {
  struct VecotrizationPass : public LoopPass {
    static char ID;
    VecotrizationPass() : LoopPass(ID) {}

    // create a vector of values
    Value* vectorizeValue(Value* val, int VECTOR_SIZE, PHINode* indVar) {
      if (auto* constant = dyn_cast<ConstantData>(val)) {
        return ConstantDataVector::getSplat(VECTOR_SIZE, constant);

      } else if (auto* inst = dyn_cast<Instruction>(val)) {
        IRBuilder<> builder(inst);
        Value* initVec;

        if (auto* intType = dyn_cast<IntegerType>(inst->getType())) {
          initVec =
              ConstantDataVector::getSplat(VECTOR_SIZE,
                  ConstantInt::get(intType, 0));

        } else {
          initVec =
              ConstantDataVector::getSplat(VECTOR_SIZE,
                  ConstantFP::get(val->getType(), 0.0));
        }

        builder.SetInsertPoint(inst->getNextNode());

        Value* curVec = initVec;
        for (int i = 0; i < VECTOR_SIZE; i++) {
          curVec = builder.CreateInsertElement(curVec, inst, builder.getInt64(i));
        }

        // vector of inductive variables has to have its stride
        if (val == indVar) {
          std::vector<uint64_t> strides;
          for (uint64_t i = 0; i < VECTOR_SIZE; i++) {
            strides.push_back(i);
          }

          ArrayRef<uint64_t> strideRef(strides);
          Value* strideVec = ConstantDataVector::get(indVar->getContext(), strideRef);
          Value* resultVec = builder.CreateAdd(curVec, strideVec);
          return resultVec;

        } else {
          return curVec;
        }
      }

      return NULL;
    }

    virtual bool runOnLoop(Loop* L, LPPassManager &LPM) {
      int VECTOR_SIZE = 4;

      LoopInfo &LI = getAnalysis<LoopInfoWrapperPass>().getLoopInfo();
      ScalarEvolution &SE = getAnalysis<ScalarEvolutionWrapperPass>().getSE();

      // errs() << "name: " << L->getName() << "\n";

      PHINode* indVar = L->getCanonicalInductionVariable();
      BinaryOperator* indVarUpdate = NULL;
      ICmpInst* cmp = NULL;

      // check loop bound and see if it is divisible by VECTOR_SIZE
      bool hasVectorizableLoopBound = false;
      if (BasicBlock* latchBlock = L->getExitingBlock()) {
        for (auto& lbInst : *latchBlock) {
          if (auto* exitingBranch = dyn_cast<BranchInst>(&lbInst)) {
            // branch must have a condition (which sets the loop bound)
            if (exitingBranch->isConditional()) {
              if (cmp = dyn_cast<ICmpInst>(exitingBranch->getCondition())) {
                Value* op1 = cmp->getOperand(0);
                Value* op2 = cmp->getOperand(1);
                Value* loopBound = op1 == indVar ? op2 : (op2 == indVar ? op1 : NULL);

                // loop bound must be a constant. otherwise we can't vectorize
                if (loopBound != NULL) {
                  if (auto* loopBoundConst = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(loopBound)) {
                    int64_t intBound = loopBoundConst->getSExtValue();
                    hasVectorizableLoopBound = intBound % VECTOR_SIZE == 0;
                  }

                } else {
                  // errs() << "no loop bound found!\n";
                }
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }

      if (!hasVectorizableLoopBound) return false;

      // find indvar update instruction
      // dont vectorize unless we find an update instruction
      bool hasLoopUpdate = false;
      for (int i = 0; i < indVar->getNumIncomingValues(); i++) {
        Value* incomingVal = indVar->getIncomingValue(i);

        if (auto* binOp = dyn_cast<BinaryOperator>(incomingVal)) {
          bool isIndVarOp = binOp->getOperand(0) == indVar || binOp->getOperand(1) == indVar;

          if (isIndVarOp && indVarUpdate == NULL) {
            indVarUpdate = binOp;
            hasLoopUpdate = true;

          // multiple updates to the indvar is not allowed!
          } else if (isIndVarOp && indVarUpdate != NULL) {
            hasLoopUpdate = false;
          }
        }
      }

      if (!hasLoopUpdate) return false;

      // check that all instructions in the body are vectorizable
      bool hasCrossIterationDependencies = false;
      std::set<Value*> vectorizedSet;
      for (auto &B : L->getBlocks()) {
        for (auto &I : *B) {
          if (hasCrossIterationDependencies) break;

          if (&I == cmp || &I == indVar || &I == indVarUpdate) {

          // approximate checking for cross-iteration dependencies by
          // checking if GEPs index through the inductive variable only
          } else if (auto* gep = dyn_cast<GetElementPtrInst>(&I)) {
            for (auto& index : gep->indices()) { 
              if (index != indVar && !L->isLoopInvariant(index)) {
                // errs() << "cross gep! index: " << *index << "\n";
                hasCrossIterationDependencies = true;
              }
            }

            vectorizedSet.insert(gep);

          } else if (auto* branch = dyn_cast<BranchInst>(&I)) {
            if (branch->isConditional()) {
              if (L->isLoopInvariant(branch->getCondition())) {
                hasCrossIterationDependencies = true; 
              }
            }

          } else {
            for (int i = 0; i < I.getNumOperands(); i ++) {
              Value* operand = I.getOperand(i);
              if (vectorizedSet.count(operand) == 0
                  && !L->isLoopInvariant(operand)
                  && operand != indVar) {

                hasCrossIterationDependencies = true;
              }
            }

            vectorizedSet.insert(&I);
          }
        }
      }

      if (hasCrossIterationDependencies) return false;

      bool isVectorizable =
          hasVectorizableLoopBound
          && hasLoopUpdate
          && !hasCrossIterationDependencies;

      // errs() << "vectorizable? " << isVectorizable << "\n";

      // vectorize!
      if (isVectorizable) {
        // maintain a map of vectorized instructions
        // if an instruction reads a vectorized instruction,
        // it is also vectorized
        std::map<Value*,Value*> valmap;
        std::list<Instruction*> removedInstrs;
        for (auto &B : L->getBlocks()) {
          for (auto& I : *B) {
            if (&I == cmp || &I == indVarUpdate || &I == indVar) {

            // GEP: array accesses should be vectorized by bitcasting results
            // of GEPs from t* to <n x t>*, where n is the vector size
            } else if (auto* gep = dyn_cast<GetElementPtrInst>(&I)) {
              bool isGEPLoopInvariant = true;
              for (auto& index : gep->indices()) { 
                isGEPLoopInvariant = isGEPLoopInvariant && L->isLoopInvariant(index);
              }

              if (!isGEPLoopInvariant) {
                IRBuilder<> builder(gep);
                builder.SetInsertPoint(gep->getNextNode());
                if (auto* elementPtrType = dyn_cast<PointerType>(gep->getType())) {
                  Type* arrIndType =
                      PointerType::getUnqual(
                          VectorType::get(elementPtrType->getElementType(),
                              ElementCount(VECTOR_SIZE, false)));
                  Value* arrayIndVec = builder.CreateBitCast(gep, arrIndType);
                  valmap.insert(std::pair<Value*,Value*>(gep,arrayIndVec));
                }
              }

            // generic branch that checks operands of instructions
            } else if (dyn_cast<BinaryOperator>(&I) != NULL
                    || dyn_cast<ICmpInst>(&I) != NULL
                    || dyn_cast<LoadInst>(&I) != NULL
                    || dyn_cast<StoreInst>(&I) != NULL) {

              for (int i = 0; i < I.getNumOperands(); i++) {
                Value* operand = I.getOperand(i);
                std::map<Value*,Value*>::iterator it = valmap.find(operand);

                if (it != valmap.end()) {
                  I.setOperand(i, it->second);

                } else {
                  Value* newOperand = vectorizeValue(operand, VECTOR_SIZE, indVar);
                  I.setOperand(i, newOperand);
                  valmap.insert(std::pair<Value*,Value*>(operand, newOperand));
                }
              }

              Type* retType = I.getType();
              if (retType != NULL && dyn_cast<StoreInst>(&I) == NULL) {
                Type* retVecType = VectorType::get(retType, ElementCount(VECTOR_SIZE, false));
                I.mutateType(retVecType);
              }
              valmap.insert(std::pair<Value*,Value*>(&I, &I));
            }
          }
        }

        // remove instructions out of the loop (so iterators aren't messed up)
        for (auto* removedInstr : removedInstrs) {
          removedInstr->eraseFromParent();
        }

        // finally, update inductive variable stride to be VECTOR_SIZE
        if (indVarUpdate->getOperand(0) == indVar) {
          indVarUpdate->setOperand(1, ConstantInt::get(indVar->getType(), VECTOR_SIZE));

        } else {
          indVarUpdate->setOperand(0, ConstantInt::get(indVar->getType(), VECTOR_SIZE));
        }
      }

      return isVectorizable;
    }

    virtual void getAnalysisUsage(AnalysisUsage &AU) const override {
      getLoopAnalysisUsage(AU);
      // AU.addRequired<PromotePass>();
    }
  };
}

char VecotrizationPass::ID = 0;

// Register the pass so `opt -vectorization` runs it.
static RegisterPass<VecotrizationPass> X("vectorization", "an auto-vec pass");

Reference

Writing An LLVM Pass\
LLVM Hello Word Pass\
LLVM Documentation
LLVM Concepts